The Tameri Stylebook offers a basic style guide for writers and editors of works for general audience. Whether you are writing fiction or non-fiction, you should adhere to a uniform style throughout the work. Our style guide is not the Associated Press Stylebook; our guide draws from several guides, including the AP Stylebook. There official AP Stylebook is available online for a fee. We prefer printed copies, but there are advantages to an online edition; it is always up-to-date.
For academic, technical, and general nonfiction works, we prefer the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines for citing sources. The APA Style website offers up-to-date information on in-text citations and entries in the list of references. The official reference book for APA style is the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
When there are differences among style guides, we identify them. This style guide addresses issues for writers in the United States. This guide’s entries might not apply to other English-speaking audiences, though many rules should be similar.
Separately, our online guide to word usage deals with proper word choices for U.S. English.
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Newspaper and Magazine Editing
Most daily newspapers and magazines in America belong to the Associated Press. The original idea was to share stories among publications, allowing small newspapers to carry major stories. News, opinoion, and feature stories are distributed by the AP (http://www.ap.org/). Member publications adhered to the style rules of the AP, allowing the shared content to be included in a publication with minimal changes.
The AP Stylebook cannot address every editing issue. According to the AP, the following books should be consulted whenever you have a word usage or grammar question:
- Associated Press Stylebook (http://www.ap.org/, http://apstylebook.com/)
- Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (https://www.merriam-webster.com/)
- The Word, by Rene Cappon; difficult to locate, sadly.
- The Chicago Manual of Style
- The Elements of Style, by Strunk and White
The list appears in order of preference. Consult the most recent AP guidelines before proceeding to other references. The other reference works might not agree with the AP or each other, which is why the order of preference matters.
Many publications and organizations have internal style guidelines that supersede the AP. For example, The New York Times uses “Mr.” within stories, unlike other newspapers. (Yes, The Times used “Mr. Hitler” throughout World War II.) Follow whatever rules your employer uses.
Students and Scholars: Do not assume AP style is appropriate for academic writing — it isn’t. Teachers and college professors will complain if you use AP style to supersede Chicago, MLA, APA, or the required style of an academic department.
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– A –
ABC – Use for all references to American Broadcasting
Companies, which is legally plural. Clarify by using division names, such as ABC TV.
academic degrees – Use bachelor’s degree, master’s
degree, and doctorate. B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., and Ph.D. should be used after a name when necessary, such as identifying a graduate in an alumni publication. Only capitalize when the degree “class” is joined with an academic discipline, such as Bachelor of Science in Engineering.
Kelly has completed her master’s degree. Her husband has a
Master of Fine Arts in Drama. Her father is William Smythe, Ph.D.
academic departments – Use lowercase unless part of the department title is a proper noun. Be aware that some universities consider the name of departments to be proper nouns.
She works in the university’s English
department.
The Department of English at the University of Washington is hosting an event.
Academy Awards – The Academy Awards and the statue name Oscar are trademarks.
acronyms – Do not use acronyms most of your readers would not instantly recognize.
Act – Capitalize when part of the name of legislation.
act number (play) – The AP calls for Arabic numerals only (Act 1, Scene 2), but most publications use Roman numerals.
actor / actress – Use of actress for women is acceptable at most publications.
accused – Avoid accused because it suggests someone has been judged guilty. For example, “accused robber Jane Doe,” implies a level of guilt. Use alleged.
A.D. – Anno Domini. Precedes the year, unlike B.C., because the phrase is “In the Year of The Lord” 2003. Only use if some dates in an article might be B.C. or A.D. and clarification is required. A.D. is assumed. See B.C. Some publications use C.E. for Common Era instead of A.D. C.E. is mostly commonly used in science publications.
addresses – Use Ave., Blvd., and St. with numbered addresses. Spell out Avenue, Boulevard, and Street when using the name of a street without an address. All other descriptors, spell out: Court, Drive, Road, and others. Spell out and capitalize First through Ninth, but use figures and two letters for 10th and above. Abbreviate compass points when giving an address, but spell out if it is the name of a street, 123 N. Main St., 345 North Street.
123 Main St. is Main Street’s most famous address.
admit / admitted – Avoid and use said when possible. Admissions are legally determined by a court.
adopt, approve, enact, pass – Bills are passed. Laws are enacted. Constitutional Amendments, ordinances, regulations, and resolutions are adopted. Avoid using approved.
AFL-CIO – some publications use the acronym for all references, the AP preference. Others use the full union name on first reference, American Federation
of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.
African-American – Not used by most publications, due to the international nature of media. See black. Individuals from the Caribbean and Belize do not consider themselves African.
ages – Only give when important to the story.
aka – All lowercase. This is an exception to most style and usage guides because aka is an acronym for also known as.
Alaska – Spell out. Because of the potential for confusion with Arkansas, Alabama, and Arizona, Alaska should never be abbreviated or indicated by the postal code (AK).
Allah – Style sources vary on this, but the AP prefers “God” unless the Arabic is being quoted.
allege / alleged – Use with care. All crimes are alleged, people are accused.
all right – The AP does not accept alright, though many usage guides do.
alumni / alumnus – Plural, singular. Both are the Latin masculine form. Alumnae, alumna are the feminine and are out of favor at some publications.
a.m. / p.m. – Chicago Manual allows AM and PM, in small caps, but as of the most recent edition, lowercase with periods is the preferred style when small caps are unavailable.
AM – Use only for radio stations (amplitude modulation).
Amendments to the Constitution – Always capitalized, as in First Amendment or Fifth Amendment. For the tenth and above, the AP accepts 10th Amendment, 11th Amendment, etc.
America / American – Use U.S. for government references. The AP suggests American for residents of the U.S. Academic style guides differ. The problem with American is “the Americas” refers to North, Central, and South America. Unfortunately, the official name of Mexico is the United States of Mexico (Los Estados Unidos de Mexico), so the U.S. designation is not unique. A handful of Mexican leaders have objected to the United States of America being “los Estados Unidos” in their press. No matter what choice is made, someone will be offended. American is accepted as common — and what else would you call a citizen of the United States of America? It’s too late to rename the country…
American Civil Liberties Union – Spell out on first reference, then use ACLU.
ampersand (&) – Use & only when part of a legal name. Otherwise use and.
Amtrak – “American travel by track” is the slogan for the National Railroad Passenger Corp. Still, Amtrak is the known name, so use on all references.
anchorman / anchorwoman – We see no reason to avoid the neutral anchor, but do not use anchor in AP style.
AP, The Associated Press – Use AP on second reference, capitalize The on first.
April Fools’ Day – Possessive plural.
Arabic names – Transliteration is complex; use the most common English varient when known. Pronunciation varies by region, resulting in different English transliterations. al/el = the; ibn/bin = son of; abu = father.
Arctic – Capitalize only for the region around the magnetic North Pole.
Arizona – Avoid abbreviation when possible on first reference. Never use the postal code (AZ). In AP style, appreviate as Ariz.
Arkansas – Avoid abbreviation when possible on first reference. Never use the postal code (AR). In AP style, appreviate as Ark.
arrested – Use “arrested on a charge of…” and not “arrested for…” in AP style.
artworks – Lowercase movements such as impressionism or modernism, capitalize movements only when they appear in a title or name. Enclose titles of paintings in quotes. Capitalize the titles of sculptures, without quotes, in AP style.
ASCII– American Standard Code for Information Interchange, use ASCII on all references.
Asian-American – Avoid unless relevant to a story.
Asperger’s syndrome – AP style uses the approstrophe; other style guides do not. Also, some prefer capitalization of syndrome. On second reference, Asperger’s, without syndrome, is preferred by AP. Science publications use AS.
assistant – Never abbreviated in AP style.
associated – Never abbreviated in AP style.
astronaut – Not used as a formal title in AP style, instead use the individual’s military rank.
We met astronaut Capt. Jane Doe.
AstroTurf – Trademark for artificial grass, first used in the AstroDome.
Atomic Age – Began Dec. 2, 1942, at the University of Chicago. The Atomic Age did not start with the bombing of Hiroshima.
ATM – Never ATM machine, which is redundant.
author – AP discourages using author as a verb.
aviator – For men and women, but pilot is preferred. Yes, there are feminine forms, but they are not used in AP style.
ax – Never axe in AP style.
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– B –
baby boomer, boomer – Although lower case in AP style, many publications capitalize variations of Baby Boom and Boomers. We prefer the capitalization because the Baby Boom refers to a specific period following World War II.
baccalaureate – The AP preferred spelling.
bachelor of arts/science – Use the formal phrase or bachelor’s degree. Avoid bachelor’s unless it is clearly referring to the degree.
backward – AP style rejects backwards.
badminton – You cannot imagine all the spellings we’ve seen.
Band-Aid – Trademark, capitalize.
Baptist churches – Only the local meeting place is a church, unlike the Catholic Church. There are five major Baptist organizations, though none are considered the authority over churches. The Southern
Baptist Convention, representing 12 million members; American
Baptist Churches in the U.S.A., 1.5 million members; the National
Baptist Convention of America; National Baptist Convention U.S.A.
Inc.; and Progressive National Baptist Convention Inc.
barbecue – Preferred spelling.
B.C. – Follows the year, unlike A.D. Although AP style permits B.C., most science publications prefer B.C.E. (before common era). See A.D.
Bible – Capitalized in AP style. Some style guides prefer specific names, such as Old Testament or New Testament. AP capitalizes Scripture when referring to Christian or Jewish books. Other style guides do not capitalize “scripture” referring to any religion’s texts.
Big Board, the – Allowed for second reference to the New
York Stock Exchange, but NYSE is preferred by most publications.
Bill of Rights – The popular name for the first ten Amendments of the Constitution.
billions – Use figures, limiting to two decimal places. Example: 2 billion, 3.75 billion.
bit – Do not use binary digit.
black – Many organizations prefer Black, and publications should consider the capitalized form. Preferred to African-American since publications are now international. AP style assumes international readership. Some newspapers use African-American in local news, but black in international stories. Someone will object to either choice.
bloc – Always use for a coalition of people. Do not use block.
blog – Do not use Web log.
bologna – The deli meat. Use baloney for foolish talk or hyperbole.
bona-fide – Avoid in writing for general audiences.
Books on Tape – Trademark.
brand names – Capitalize according to any trademarks or legal names.
brand-new – Compound adjective.
Britain – Acceptable for Great Britain, which is the island. Includes the regions of England, Scotland, and Wales. Do not use in place of the United Kingdom, which includes Northern Ireland.
British – Preferred to Britons, never use Brits.
Broadway – Generally a New York City theater of 300 or more seats. Union contracts define what is Broadway, not a physical street address. The term off-Broadway refers to 100–299 seats, and off-off-Broadway are those theaters with fewer than 100 seats. Ninety-nine seats is a cut-off within union contracts for certain wage scales. “Off” is capitalized by the unions, but not by most publications.
Bronze Age – Specific period from 3500 to 1000 B.C., when bronze tools were common.
Bros. – Use for Brothers if a company does so within its official name logo. Example: Warner Bros. Studios.
brunette – Use brown-haired. Many publications consider brunette to be sexist.
Bubble Wrap – Trademark.
Building – Never abbreviate in a proper noun name for a building. Example: The Empire State Building
bullpen – One word referring to where relief pitchers and catchers practice during a baseball game.
bull market – Lowercase in AP style. Defined as a 20 percent increase in a stock index.
bureau – Frequently misspelled, bureau should be capitalized in the name of any government agency.
burglary / larceny / robbery / theft – Be precise in journalism. Burglary is entering a building with the intent of theft. Larceny is the wrongful taking of property, often via a deceit. Robbery involves a threat or use of force. Theft is a larceny without a threat or deceit, yet not a burglary.
byte – Computer term for eight bits (binary digits). In the “ancient days” computers had seven-bit bytes. One byte stores one ASCII character, two bytes can store one basic multilingual Unicode character.
– C –
cactus / cactuses – No cacti in AP style.
Caesarean section – Capitalize.
Canada goose – Not a Canadian goose.
Canuck – Derogatory for French Canadian.
Caterpillar – Trademark for a brand of heavy-construction tractor.
Catholic – Use Roman Catholic Church, then Catholic
Church in AP style.
CBS Inc. – Legal name of the former Columbia Broadcasting
System.
cellophane – Not capitalized, now generic.
Celsius – Use in place of centigrade. See measurements
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Though best known as the CDC, the full name should be used on first reference. Use CDC on second reference.
Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.
Central Intelligence Agency – Use CIA on all references. Some publications prefer CIA on second reference.
century – Spell out in lowercase unless it is part of a proper name, such as 20th Century Fox.
chairman / chairwoman – Do not use chairperson or chair.
Channel – Capitalize when used with a number. Example: We watch Channel 47.
chat room – Two words in AP style when referring to Internet “chat” systems. Commonly chatroom in computer publications. Some publications now use chat. For example, she was busy chatting on Facebook.
Chemical Mace – Trademark. Mace is acceptable on all references.
Chevy – Use Chevrolet unless writing an automotive feature.
chief justice – Lowercase. The chief justice of the United States, not the chief justice of the Supreme Court.
child care – Two words in AP style.
China – Use for the People’s Republic of China. Taiwan is officially the Republic of China, but publications prefer Taiwan.
Chinese names – In Chinese names, the family name is first and followed by the given name. Use the family name on second reference. Example: Deng Xiaoping is of the Deng family. Most Chinese immigrants reverse the order to following Western tradition.
Christian Science – Use Church of Christ, Scientist, for the church name. Christian Science is the faith.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – Notice “Latter-day” capitalization in the official name. Mormon Church is acceptable on second reference at most publications, LDS at others. AP prefers Mormon Church.
cities – Some cities are well-known and do not require state, province, or country identifiers.
Atlanta | Houston | Philadelphia |
Baltimore | Indianapolis | Phoenix |
Boston | Las Vegas | Pittsburgh |
Chicago | Los Angeles | St. Louis |
Cincinnati | Miami | Salt Lake City |
Cleveland | Milwaukee | San Antonio |
Dallas | Minneapolis | San Diego |
Denver | New Orleans | San Francisco |
Detroit | New York (City) | Seattle |
Honolulu | Oklahoma City | Washington (D.C.) |
Use
Hollywood
for stories originating in the Los Angeles area that relate to entertainment.
International cities used without a country name:
Beijing | Monaco |
Berlin | Montreal |
Djibouti | Moscow |
Geneva | Ottawa |
Gibraltar | Panama City |
Guatemala City | Paris |
Havana | Quebec |
Hong Kong | Rome |
Jerusalem | San Marino |
Kuwait | Singapore |
London | Tokyo |
Luxembourg | Toronto |
Macao | Vatican City |
Mexico City | United Nations |
United Nations
refers to the building and events within the U.N.
City Council – Capitalize after a city name. Example: The Houston City Council meets today.
Civil War – Always capitalize when referencing the United States Civil War, lowercase for all other civil wars.
Clorox – Trademark.
cloture – To close debate, usually a vote to end discussion of a bill.
CME Group Inc – Includes the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade (CBT). Some financial publications refer to The Merc just as they do the Big Board when referring to the New York Stock Exchange.
Coca-Cola / Coke – Trademarks.
Co. / Cos. – Use in place of Company at the end of a business name.
c.o.d. – Not COD in AP style. We prefer COD in print, but most editors do not.
Cold War – Time period from 1948 through 1988.
collectors’ item – Plural possessive.
Columbia Broadcasting – See CBS
comedian – for men and women. Comic is preferred.
commander in chief – Lowercase with no hyphens in AP style.
Commonwealth, the – Was the British Commonwealth.
company names – Use their popular name, by checking the official website, or refer to Standard
& Poor’s Register of Corporations. Do not use a comma before Inc. or Ltd. in AP style, even if the official name does so. Book editors prefer the comma before Inc.
Confederate States of America – Use the Confederacy.
Congress – Capitalize U.S. Congress. Refers to both House and Senate. Use Congress on second reference.
conservative – Define or avoid.
Conservative Judaism – A branch of Judaism.
Constitution – Capitalize U.S. Constitution. Use the
Constitution on second reference.
Constitutional amendments – Capitalize Amendment when preceded by a number. Examples: First Amendment, 10th Amendment
Consumer Price Index – Capitalize as U.S. Consumer Price
Index. Use CPI or the index on second reference.
copyeditor – Lowercase, not a formal job title.
Corp. – Use in place of Corporation at the end of a business name.
court decisions – Use a hyphen to indicate the vote ratio. Example: It was a 6-3 court decision.
court-martial / courts-martial – Both are hyphenated. One person is brought before a court-martial, whereas two or more are courts-martialed.
court names – Capitalize all proper names of courts in the United States. Numbers are not spelled out. For example: The 4th District Court.
courtroom – one word.
County – Capitalize as part of a specific county. Example: Orange County.
coup d’etat – Use coup.
CT scan – Not CAT scan.
cyberspace – Term popularized by author William Gibson, cyberspace is the virtual community created by computer networks. Cyberspace generally refers to digital replacements for “real” objects and experiences.
czar – AP style, do not use tsar or other spellings.
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– D –
dad – Use father unless quoting. Likewise, use mother instead of mom.
dammit / damn it – AP prefers two words, but most magazines use dammit.
Dark Ages – A.D. 476 through the 10th century.
data – Plural. Example: The data are inconclusive.
database – One word. dBase is a trademark for a database system.
dates – Chicago style suggests European standard dates (6 June 2003) in publications. AP style calls for U.S. notation (June 6, 2003) in printed articles. Most newspapers use U.S. notation online and in print. AP style abbreviates the longer month names. See months.
daylight-saving time – Not savings time. Not hyphenated in time zones. Eastern Daylight Time.
days of the week – In a table, AP style calls for three letters without periods: Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat.
D-Day – June 6, 1944.
DDT – Always use for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, a poison once used as an insecticide.
Deepfreeze – Trademark for a brand of home freezers.
Deep South – Limited to the states of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina.
Democratic Party – Never use Democrat Party. The national body is the Democratic National Committee or DNC.
Department of Defense – May use Defense Department but not DOD.
Department of Energy – Use of DOE on second reference is AP style, but the Department of Education has complicated matters. Energy
Department is better than DOE, avoiding confusion.
Department of Housing and Urban Development – Use HUD on second reference.
Depression – Capitalize for Great Depression.
Detective – Capitalize before a name if it is a formal rank.
dialogue – preferred to dialog in AP style.
Dictaphone – Trademark.
dimensions – In AP style, spell out the unit name. Do not use quotes or tick marks except in technical documentation. Ticks and quotes are not the same, quotes should never be used for measurements.
I am 5 feet 8 inches tall.
directions – Lowercase unless part of a name. Midpoints (north west) are not hyphenated.
disabled / handicapped – Avoid describing anyone as disabled or handicapped in AP style. Blind and deaf should only be used for a total loss of sight or hearing.
disc / disk – Use disc for all audio and video recordings; use disk for computer media.
diskette – Use for the 3.5 and 5.25 inch computer media.
Disposall – Trademark for a sink waste disposer.
district attorney – Capitalize when used as a title before a name; otherwise use lowercase. AP now accepts DA on second reference.
District of Columbia – Abbreviate as D.C. and use the district in lowercase for subsequent references.
Dixie cup – Trademark for disposable paper and plastic cups.
DNA – Preferred AP style.
doctor – Use Dr. in the first reference as a form of title for medical and other health-related professions. Include the specialty when possible. Do not use Dr. after the first reference.
double-click – Hyphenated in AP style.
dot-com – Preferred in AP style over dot.com, which implied “dot-dot-com” to some readers. Some newspapers and magazines use dot.com or dotcom. The “.com” is a reference to the commercial domains first registered by companies on the Internet. We dislike all of the dot-com uses, preferring to describe a company precisely.
doughnut – AP style, not donut unless part of a business name. Our experience is that donut is preferred in some regions, so some publications may differ from AP style.
Down syndrome – Not Down’s syndrome.
Dr Pepper – Trademark does not include a period, do not use Dr.
Pepper.
DSL – Digital subscriber line; DSL is acceptable for all uses.
duffel – Not duffle in AP style.
DUI / DWI – varies by state. Spell out on first reference then use the appropriate acronym for the state in which you are writing.
Dumpster – Trademark for a line of trash bins.
DVR – In most publications, DVR is acceptable in all reference for digital video recorder. Do not use TiVo, the trademarked term.
– E –
earth – Lowercase when referring soil, capitalize when using as the name of our planet.
East Coast – Do not use Eastern Seaboard.
Eastern Europe – Avoid. AP style dropped Eastern Bloc, Soviet
Bloc, and Eastern Europe when the Cold War ended.
editor-in-chief – Hyphenated in AP style, an exception to other style guides and many dictionaries. Newspapers and magazines tend to adhere to a tradition of hyphenating the title. Capitalize before a name.
Election Day – Capitalized.
Electoral College – Capitalized, but elector and electoral votes are lowercase.
electrocardiogram – Use EKG on second reference.
email – changed in 2011 to the preferred AP style, though Email and e-mail are preferred by some publications. We prefer e-mail, but assume email will become standard. Some publications use EMail for headings and headlines.
emergency room – ER is acceptible on second reference.
Environmental Protection Agency – Use EPA on second reference.
Episcopal Church – Always use for the Protestant Episcopal
Church in the United States of America. The official name is rather long for publications. The Episcopal Church is a part of the International
Anglican Communion.
euro – The official currency of some European Union member nations. It is not the euro dollar, a common error.
European Union – Use EU on second reference. There are no periods in EU.
– F –
Facebook – Capitalized the F, not the b.
Fannie Mae – Use for Federal National Mortgage Association. Some publications use Fannie Mae on second reference, but AP style allows for use on first.
FAQ – Aan be used for frequency asked questions in all references.
farmers market – Not a possessive in AP style.
fax – Preferred to facsimile. Not a verb in AP style, use sent a fax. Does anyone still send faxes?
FBI – Use for all references to the Federal Bureau of
Investigation.
Federal Aviation Administration – Use FAA on second reference.
Federal Communications Commission – Use FCC on second reference.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. – Use FDIC on second reference.
Federal Emergency Management Agency – Use FEMA on second reference.
Federal Housing Administration – Use FHA on second reference. The Administration used to be Authority but agency names change.
Federal Reserve Board – Publications vary, with some preferring the Federal Reserve or the Fed. AP recommends using the full name on first reference. Federal Reserve banks, such as the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, can be referred to as the bank on second reference.
Federal Trade Commission – Use FTC on second reference.
FedEx – The offical name of the company is now FedEx Corp. Federal Express was the name.
Ferris wheel – Ferris was the inventor, so capitalize.
Fiberglas – Trademark, with one s in the name.
firefighter – Preferred to fireman.
first family – Lowercase, not an official title.
first lady – Lowercase, not an official title.
flier – Do not use flyer for a handbill in AP style. Some publications, however, do use flyer for documents and flier for anyone traveling by air.
floppy disk – Use diskette in AP style. Does anyone use these anymore?
Food and Drug Administration – Use FDA on second reference.
Ford Motor Co. – Use Ford on second reference, not FMC.
foreign words – Some publications prefer italized type for uncommon foreign words.
Formica – Trademark for a brand of plastic-resin used on counters and in flooring.
Fourth Estate – English term for the press, a reference to the Three Estates: Clergy, Nobility, the Citizens.
Fourth of July – Capitalized and spelled out. Some publications prefer Independence Day.
fractions – Spell out and use hyphens. For example: two-thirds, three-fourths, etc.
Free World – Use Western World or the West if appropriate. Only use Free World when quoting someone.
Frigidaire – Trademark.
Frisbee – Trademark.
FTP – File Transfer Protocol on first reference in AP style, but many publications accept FTP for all references.
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– G –
Gallup Poll – Trademarked name for the service, capitalize both.
gay – Preferred to homosexual in AP style. We prefer homosexual, but that’s rare, now.
G-8, G-20 – Use hyphens on the second reference for Group of Eight or Group of Twenty. The G-8 refers to the major industrialized nations of the world. The G-8 meet annually before a full meeting of the G-20, the nations with the 20 largest world economies.
General Assembly – Use U.N. General Assembly on first reference. General Assembly is acceptable on second reference.
General Electric Co. – Use GE on second reference.
General Motors Corp. – Use GM on second reference.
General Services Administration – Use GSA on second reference.
Geneva Conventions – Plural in AP style, referring to all Geneva treaties on warfare.
GI – No periods in AP style. The plural is GIs.
GIF – Acceptable for all references to Graphic Interchange Format image files.
Ginnie Mae – Acceptable for references for the Government National Mortgage Association.
Girl Scout Cookies – Trademark, capitalize Cookies.
Global Positioning System – Use GPS on all references.
Google – Trademark, avoid using as a verb.
GOP – Some publications use GOP on second reference to the Republican Party, others use Republican. AP style accepts either. Avoid using Grand Old Party.
Gov. – Use for Governor before a name.
Government Accountability Office – originally the General Accounting Office, GAO is acceptable on all references. The GAO is a congressional agency charged with auditing federal programs. The GAO is not an executive agency.
grand jury – Lowercase.
Great Britain – Use Britain.
Great Lakes – Capitalize.
Great Plains – Capitalize.
gross national product – Use GNP on second reference.
Gulf Coast – Capitalize.
– H –
habeas corpus – A legal writ requiring an accused person be presented to the court, ensuring the accused is in custody and receiving legal counsel. AP suggests defining in any article.
Hague, The – City in the Netherlands, capitalize The.
Halley’s comet – Lowercase comet.
hangar – Airplane storage, not a hanger.
Hanukkah – AP style for the Jewish holiday.
Harris Poll – Trademark of Louis Harris & Associates.
H-bomb – Use hydrogen bomb except went quoting someone.
headquarters – Not a verb in AP style, use with headquarters
in. However, we notice headquartered becoming common. For companies, mention the city of the headquarters on second reference. Example: The Fresno, Calif., company manufactures raisin trays.
health care – Two words in AP style, but one word in many publications.
hemisphere – Lowercase except when referring to a specific geographical location, for example, Northern Hemisphere.
hertz – When using the unit of measure (cycles/second) do not abbreviate in AP style. Technical publications use the abbreviation Hz.
Hewlett-Packard Co. – Technical publications use HP. AP accepts HP on second reference.
high-definition – Avoid unless describing an official standard or a product complying with a standard. High-definition television meets a federal broadcast standard.
highway names – Use numerals, even for named highways. You may use the name or common acronym on second reference. Examples: U.S. Highway 101, U.S. Route 1, California’s state Highway 99.
Smith was driving north on U.S. Highway 1, the Pacific Coast Highway.
The PCH is a California Scenic Route.
Hispanic – Not an ethnic description, refers to any Spanish-speaking culture. Be specific when possible.
HIV – No periods.
Holy See – Headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, in Vatican City.
Holy Week – Capitalize, use for the week before Easter in stories in religion.
home page – Two words in AP style, but many technical publications use homepage (one word). Use website unless referring to a precise address including the home page.
We visited the WhiteHouse.gov website.
host – Avoid as a verb in AP style. We see no problem with using host as a noun or verb.
House of Commons – Use Commons or the Commons on second reference.
House of Lords – Use the Lords on second reference.
House of Representatives – Use U.S. House of Representatives on first reference, the House on second reference. Do not use Congress for the House.
HTML – Officially, it is HyperText Markup Language. Use HTML on all references unless explaining how to create Web pages.
Humvee – Trademark.
– I –
IBM – Use for International Business Machines.
ICBM / ICBMs – Use for intercontinental ballistic missile. Never use ICBM missiles, which is redundant.
ice age – Lowercase, as there have been several ice ages.
i.e. – Avoid in AP style because it is too often confused with e.g. Most publications accept i.e. and e.g. as long as they are used correctly.
IED – Use improved explosive device on first reference.
illegal – Use to indicate a violation of law or, within a sports story, a rules violation. Make sure the action was proved illegal and not a claim of illegal.
illegal immigrant – Preferred AP style preferred. Avoid illegal alien or undocumented worker.
impact – AP style allows in place of effect, though effect is preferred. We dislike impact being used for anything other than a physical crushing action.
impostor – Preferred in AP style, not imposter.
IM – Use instant message or text message.
impeach – To officially accuse, not synonomous with removal from office. Impeachment is the legal process.
Inc. – Use for Incorporated at the end of a business name. Do not use a comma before Inc., even if the official business name includes the comma.
index / indexes – No indices in AP style, but many publications prefer indices.
initial public offering – Use IPO on second reference.
initials – For AP style, use periods and no spaces when an individual is known by initials instead of names. For example: C.S. Lewis. Other styles insist on using spaces between the initials. We like the spaces.
Internal Revenue Service – Use IRS on second reference.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development – Use World Bank.
International Brotherhood of Teamsters – Use Teamsters
union or the Teamsters.
International Court of Justice – Judicial organ of the United Nations, based in The Hague. Use world court, lowercase, on second reference.
International Criminal Police Organization – Use Interpol.
International Monetary Fund – Use IMF on second reference.
Internet – Capitalize in AP style. Internetwork is no longer used.
intranet – Lowercase. A network within an organization.
IOU – Capitalize, no periods, in AP style.
IP address – Always acceptable for Internet Protocol address in AP style.
IQ – Acceptable on all references in AP style. No periods.
Irish Republican Army – Use IRA on second reference. Do not confuse with the Real IRA. Also, the political party Sinn Fein is not technically part of the IRA.
Islam – The faith of followers of Mohammed, considered a prophet and referred to as The Prophet within the faith. The following are AP style Anglicized spellings:
Muslim – Follower of the Islamic religion.
Quran – Religious text of Islam, a recitation of the poetry of Mohammed. Some newspapers use Qu’ran or Koran. The AP suggested Koran until about 2000, but now uses Quran.
Sunni – Largest Muslim sect. The fundamental Sunni “sub-sect” are the Wahhabi Muslims, based in Saudi Arabia.
Shiite – A minority Muslim sect, and the only with defined religious leaders, in theory.
caliph – Shiite spiritual leader. There were caliphs in Islam, but Sunnis only recognize descendents of Mohammed as clerics.
Grand Mufti – Sunni authority on the Quran and Islamic Law.
Sheik – Clergyman or nobleman.
Ayatollah – Shiite clergyman.
Hojatoleslam – Shiite standing below Ayatollah.
Mullah – Low-level clergy.
Imam – Prayer leader at a mosque.
IT – Information technology should be used, unless IT refers to a company department. Business stories may use IT when appropriate.
Ivy League – The Ivy League schools are Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, Univ. of Pennsylvania, and Yale.
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] [Cities] [Measurements]
– J –
Jacuzzi – Trademark.
Jane’s Aircraft – Acceptable for referrences Jane’s All The World’s Aircraft.
Java – Capitalize when referring to the programming language.
JavaScript – Preferred to the official name ECMAScript.
Jaycees – Members of the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce. Not JCs.
jeep / Jeep – Lowercase for the military general purpose vehicle, capitalize the trademarked brand of civilian trucks and off-road vehicles.
Jehovah’s Witnesses – Church managed by three corporations: Watch Tower and Tract Society of Pennsylvania; Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York Inc.; and the International Bible Students Association. Members do not engage in political campaigns, pledges of allegiance, nor carry weapons. They believe the Bible is the only true law for mankind.
Jell-O – Trademark.
Jew – For both men and women. Never use Jewess. Jewish is a description of heritage, as much as a religion. Children born to Jewish mothers are considered Jewish, even if they do not practice Judaism. Ethnic Jews are a Semitic people, as are most natives and descendents of the Arabian Peninsula. However, the region is historically marked by tribalism and religious clans.
Jewish congregations – The Jewish religion is based on the Torah, ancient scriptures tracing the lineage of mankind. Jewish laws can be found in the Biblical Book of Leviticus. Muslim and Jewish religious laws are similar and share some history.
Orthodox – Literal adherents to the Judaic Laws. These Jews tend to be traditionalists. In Israel, Orthodox Jews are excused from some military service, but not civil service.
Conservative – The majority of Jews in the world are Conservative, meaning they adhere to most of the laws, but not the older traditions.
Reform – Reform Jews regard scripture as lessons, not necessarily literal and unchanging. Reform Jews are sometimes called “culturally Jewish.” In America, Reform congregations are growing.
jihad – Preferred spelling for AP style. Roughly translates as the struggle and not holy war.
John F. Kennedy Space Center – Use Kennedy Space Center. Located in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Johns Hopkins University – No apostrophes.
Joint Chiefs of Staff – Use Joint Chiefs on second reference.
JPEG – Preferred acronym for joint photographic experts group. JPEG is acceptable on all reference.
Judge – Capitalize as a title before a name.
judicial branch – Lowercase.
junior / senior – Abbreviate as Jr. and Sr. at the end of a name, without a comma.
– K –
K – Unit of computer memory, kilobyte, equal to 1024 bytes. The value 64K is equal to 65,536 bytes. Notice there is no space between the value and K.
K-9 – Hyphenate. K-9 is the law enforcement designation for canine unit.
Kansas City – Specify Kansas City, Kan., or Kansas City, Mo., on first reference.
kerosene – Generic, formerly a trademark.
Key lime – Capitalize the Key. The Key lime is found in the Florida Keys.
KGB – Acronym for the Soviet Union’s Committee for State
Security.
kid / kids – Use child and children.
kilohertz – With a value, use kHz on second reference. Example: 580 kHz.
kiloton – An explosive force equal to 1,000 U.S. tons of TNT.
kilowatt-hour – Use kwh with the value. Example: 500 kwh.
kindergarten – Often misspelled.
Kitty Litter – Trademark. Use cat litter for the generic.
Kleenex – Trademark. Use facial tissue for the generic.
Kmart – No hyphen and lowercase m.
Knesset – Israeli parliament.
knot – Nautical miles per hour. see measurements.
Kool-Aid – Trademark.
Koran – Former AP style, until 2000. see Islam
Korean names – The family name is first. Many western immigrants reverse this.
Kriss Kringle – Not Kris.
Ku Klux Klan – Use KKK on second reference.
Kuomintang – Chinese Nationalist political party. Do not follow with party.
– L –
Labor Party – Not Labour. AP prefers the Americanized spelling, but other publications retain the British spelling. Our preference is to retain the British spelling for a British organization.
LAN – Acceptable for all references.
Land Rover – Trademark.
lanolin – Generic, formerly a trademark.
larceny – Stealing via a deceit or fraud. See burglary for details.
latex – Generic term.
Latino – Many publications avoid using Latino. See Hispanic.
latitude / longitude – Use numerals but spell out minutes and degrees.
Laundromat – Trademark for a coin-operated laundry.
lay / lie – Lay is an action, lie is a state of resting. see Word Usage
leftist / left-wing – Avoid and use specific terms instead.
Levi’s – Trademark.
liberal – Define or avoid.
lieutenant – Abbreviate as Lt. in titles.
Lt. Gov. – Use for lieutenant governor before a name.
Life Savers – Trademark for a brand of candy.
lifestyle – One word in AP style.
light-year – Hyphenated in AP style. Lightyear is acceptable in some publications.
linoleum – Generic, formerly a trademark.
Linotype – Trademark. Old-fashioned hot-lead type was set on Linotype machines. (Famous Linotype fonts are sold for computers.)
Little League – Capitalize. The official organization is Little League Baseball.
Lloyds Bank International Ltd. – International bank with headquarters in London. This is not the same as Lloyd’s of London, the insurance company.
Lloyd’s of London – insurance underwriters, known as “names,” with headquarters in London.
Lockheed Martin Corp. – Lockheed is acceptable on second reference in AP style.
Lutheran churches – The Evangelical Lutheran Church
in America. Use of Lutheran Church is acceptable. Clergy are ministers, a pastor is a minister leading a congregation. Use the Rev. before a minister name on first reference.
Lycra – Trademark.
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center – Use Johnson Space Center.
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] [Cities] [Measurements]
– M –
Mace – Trademark for Chemical Mace.
Mach – Capitalize for the speed of sound. Mach is 750 mph at sea level, approximately 660 mph at 30,000 feet. Examples: Mach 1, Mach 2
Mafia – Use only for the Italian secret society, not as a synonym for all organized crime.
Magna Carta – preferred AP style, not Magna Charta.
mailman – Use letter carrier.
Majority Leader – Capitalize before the name of a legislator.
man (suffix) – It is best to use –person when possible, or be gender-specific. Congresswoman and chairwoman are accepted at some publications, for example, instead of congressperson or chair. The generic references to positions and titles should always be gender-neutral.
mankind – Use humanity or people unless quoting. (Technically, both alternatives originate as references to male citizens. Modern political correctness wins in this case, since logic dictates all three words are equally sexist.)
Traditionally, many writers have used
man
and words derived from it to designate any or all of the human race regardless of sex. In fact, this is the oldest use of the word. In Old English the principal sense
man was “a human,” and the words wer and wyf (or wœpman and wifman were used to refer to “a male human” and “a female human” respectively.— American Heritage Dictionary, Copyright © 2000
manslaughter – A homicide without premeditation. see homicide.
Marines – Use the U.S. Marine Corps on first reference. Do not use USMC. Never describe a Marine as a “soldier.”
Martin Luther King Jr. – Retain Jr. (without the comma) in all references to the civil rights movement’s leader.
Marxist – Avoid unless a person or group self-identifies as Marxist.
Mason-Dixon Line – Capitalize. The Mason-Dixon Line runs along the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Masonite – Trademark.
Mass – Capitalize the religious ceremony name.
MC / emcee – Use master of ceremonies unless quoting. Use MC in quotes.
M.D. – Use physician or surgeon. Some newspapers allow Dr. before a name on first reference.
measurements – The following weights and measures are for reference use.
Measure | US/Imperial | Metric |
---|---|---|
Areas | ||
acre | 43,560 sq ft 4,840 sq yd |
4,047 sq m 0.4047 hectares |
are | 1,076.4 sq ft | 100 sq m |
hectare (ha) | 2.471 acres | |
square centimeters (sq cm) | 0.1550 sq in | |
square inches (sq in) | 6.452 sq cm | |
square feet (sq ft) | 929 sq cm | |
square kilometers (sq km) | 0.3861 sq m | |
square meters (sq m) | 10.76 sq ft | |
square miles (sq m) | 2.590 sq km | |
square yards (sq yd) | 0.8361 sq m | |
Lengths & Distances | ||
centimeter (cm) | 0.40 in | 0.01 m 10 mm |
foot (ft) | 1/3 yd | 30.48 cm |
fathom | 1.829 m | |
inch (in) | 2.54 cm | |
kilometer (km) | 0.6213 mi | |
mile [statute] (mi) | 1.609 km | |
meter (m) | 1.094 yd | |
nautical mile | 6076.10 ft | 1.852 km |
rod (rd) | 5.029 m | |
yard (yd) | 0.9144 m | |
Temperatures | ||
Celsius (C) | F=((9/5)×C)+32 | Freezing = 0 C Boiling = 100 C |
Fahrenheit (F) | Freezing = 32 F Boiling = 212 F |
C=(5/9)×(F-32) |
Kelvin | F=((9/5)×(K-273.15))+32 | C=K-273.15 |
Volumes | ||
barrel | 31.5 gal Oil: 42 U.S. gal 35 Imperial gal |
|
cups, U.S. | 0.2366 L | |
gallon, U.S. (gal) | 128 oz | 3.785 L |
gallon, Imperial | 1.2 U.S. gal 277.42 cu in |
4.5 L |
liter (L) | 4.227 cups 1.057 qt 0.2642 gal |
|
milliliter (ml/mL) | 0.03381 fl oz | |
ounce, fluid (fl oz) | 1.8 cu in 2 tablespoons 6 teaspoons |
30 ml |
pints, U.S. | 0.4732 L | |
quart, dry | 67.20 cu in | |
quart, fluid | 57.75 cu in | 29.57 ml |
Weights | ||
bushel | 4 pecks 32 dry qt |
35.2 L |
carat | 3 grains | 200 mg |
grain | 1/7000th lb | |
gram (g) | 0.03527 oz | |
kilogram (kg) | 2.205 lb | |
metric ton | 1.102 tons | 1,000 kg |
milligram (mg) | .001 g | |
once (oz) | 28.35 g | |
pound (lb) | 0.4536 kg | |
stone | 14 lb | 6.35 kg |
ton, British (long ton) | 2,240 lb | |
ton, U.S. (short ton) | 2,000 lb | 0.9072 met ton |
Medfly – Capitalized in AP style, but we have no idea why because most dictionaries do not. (Yes, it is the Mediterranean fruit fly, but not capitalized in dictionaries.)
media – Plural, though some publications now treat media as singular.
Medicaid – U.S. federal-state program to provide basic health care for the needy and disabled.
Medicare – Name for both the U.S. and Canadian federal health insurance programs. Eligibility for the U.S. system is linked to Social Security.
menswear – One word.
megahertz – Use the abbreviation MHz after numbers.
megaton – An explosive force equal to 1 million tons of TNT.
Mercedes-Benz – Trademark.
Mercurochrome – Trademark for a brand of antiseptic.
merry-go-round – Hyphenated.
meridians – Use numerals and ordinal notation. Example: 31st meridian.
messiah – Lowercase unless quoting a religious passage.
Methodist churches – The primary denomination is the United
Methodist Church. Governed by the General Conference, which meets every four years. Three predominantly black organizations are: African
Methodist Episcopal Church, African Methodist Episcopal Zion
Church, and Christian Methodist Episcopal Church. Bishops oversee districts. Clergy are ministers and a pastor is a minister who leads a congregation. Use the Rev. or Bishop before a name on first reference. Specify the parent church when relevant.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. – Use MGM.
Mexico – Officially, the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos). Mexico is acceptable on all references in AP style.
Middle Ages – The period in European or “Western” history A.D. 476 to A.D. 1450.
Middle Atlantic – The states of New York and New Jersey. Some publications prefer Mid-Atlantic.
Middle East – Preferred to Mideast in AP style. Used for the Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa.
middle initials – Use on first reference if the individual uses his or her initials. A name should appear as the person commonly uses it.
MiG – The lowercase i means “and” in the name of the Russian aircraft design team Mikoyan and Gurevich.
miles per gallon – Use mpg on second reference.
miles per hour – Use mph.
military rank – Abbreviate when used as a title before a name. Use the following abbreviations, in the appropriate combinations, for rank titles:
Rank | Abbrev. | Rank | Abbrev. |
---|---|---|---|
Admiral | Adm. | Lt. Junior Grade | Lt. j.g. |
Brigadier | Brig. | Major | Maj. |
Captain | Capt. | Private | Pvt. |
Colonel | Col. | Pvt. 1st Class | Pfc. |
Commander | Cmdr. | Sergeant | Sgt. |
Corporal | Cpl. | Specialist | Spc. |
General | Gen. | Technical Sgt. | Tech. Sgt. |
Lieutenant | Lt. |
millions – Use figures, limiting to two decimal places. Example: 2 million, 3.75 million
mimeograph – Generic, formally a trademark. Use copy.
Mohammed – See Islam
mom – Use mother, unless quoting. Likewise, use father instead of dad.
months – Abbreviate Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. in “full” dates and in datelines. Do not abbreviate months when they stand alone. In tables, use three letters for every month and no periods.
moon – Generic term, use lowercase.
Mormon Church – Allowed in AP style. see Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-day Saints.
moslem – Use muslim. see Islam
Mother’s Day – Singular possessive.
Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. – Among major newspapers, only the New York Times uses courtesy titles. AP style uses last names only.
murder – A premeditated homicide. see homicide
Murphy’s law – Capitalize Murphy — a real person.
Muzak – Trademark for a continuous music service.
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– N –
names – People are entitled to be named within articles as they want to be known. “Given” names should be used in academic and legal works, however.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration – Use NASA.
national anthem – Capitalize the proper name of any anthem, but not the phrase national anthem.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People – Some publications prefer NAACP exclusively, avoiding colored
people. Other publications use the full name on second reference, for clarity, but not on first reference in story leads or headlines.
National Council of the Churches of Christ in the
U.S.A. – Use National Council of Churches. The organization represents most major Protestant and Eastern Orthodox denominations in the United States.
National Education Association – Use NEA on second reference.
National Governors’ Association – Plural possessive.
National Guard – Capitalize after a state, spell out the state’s name. Example: California National Guard
National Institutes of Health – Plural, there are 12 institutes within the NIH. Use NIH on second reference when discussing the set. Preferably, identify the specific institute, however. After using an institute name, use the institute on further references.
National Labor Relations Board – Use NLRB on second reference.
National Organization for Women – Notice it is for women. Use NOW on second reference.
National Rifle Association – Use NRA on second reference.
National Weather Service – Using the
weather service is acceptable.
NATO – Use for the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization.
Naugahyde – Trademark for a synthetic leather. (Actually, not very leather-like.)
Nazi – Capitalize. The common name for the National
Socialist German Workers’ Party. (Yes, it started during the socialist uprisings in Europe and was dedicated to employment for Germans.)
NBC – Use for National Broadcasting
Co., a division of General Electric.
New England – Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
newspaper names – Capitalize The if that is the standard of a publication.
New Testament – Capitalize.
New Year’s Day – Note the apostrophe.
New York City – Most publications use New
York, unless there is the risk of confusion. We prefer New York
City for all references.
New York Stock Exchange – Use NYSE on second reference.
Nobel Prize – Five Nobel Prize awards were established by Alfred Nobel’s will. The categories are lowercase: Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Prize in physics, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. In 1969, the Central Bank of Sweden established the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
nolo contendere – “I do not contend,” pleaded
no contest or no-contest plea may be used, depending on publication style. The defendant admits no guilt, but offers no defense. A defendant is sentenced as if convicted, but the charges may be denied in future legal cases.
Northeast – New England and the Middle Atlantic states.
Novacain – Trademark.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission – Use NRC on second reference.
numbers and numerals – There are several AP style rules for the use of numbers.
Spell out numbers at the start of sentences unless the number is a
year.
Spell out numbers in expressions and sayings, such as
“Thanks a million.”
Spell out zero through nine and first through ninth.
Use numerals for most values of 10 and more.
- Act 1, Scene 2 or Act I, Scene 2
- a 5-year-old child (AP style)
- the 5- and 6-year-old children
- the planes DC-10 and 747B
- a 5–4 ruling, the 2nd District Court
- the 1980s, the ’80s
- a ratio of 2-to-1 or a 2–1 ratio
Nuremberg – Not Nürnberg or Nuernberg in AP style.
nylon – Generic.
[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z] [Cities] [Measurements]
– O –
Occidental – Being of Europe or the Western Hemisphere.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration – Use OSHA on second reference.
OK – Not okay in AP style. OK’d, OKs.
Old City of Jerusalem – Walled portion of the city.
Olympics – Capitalize when referring to the official athletic games. Also acceptable are the Summer Games, the Winter
Olympics, and the Games.
on-line – Not online in AP style. We prefer online as more readable.
Oreo – Trademark.
Organization of American States – Use OAS on second reference.
OPEC – Acceptable in headlines and leads. Use Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries on second reference, returning to OPEC in further mentions. OPEC member nations are: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
Oscar – Trademark of the Academy of Motion
Picture Arts and Sciences, popular name for the statues given to the annual Academy Award winners.
Ouija – Trademark. (How do you describe a Ouija board?)
Oval Office – Capitalize the name of the president’s White House office.
Oyez – A call for silence.
Ozark Mountains – Also the Ozarks.
– P –
Pablum – Trademark for a brand of baby food. Some publications use lowercase when using pablum as a synonym for simplified or bland ideas.
page numbers – For a “jump” capitalize Page and use numerals. Example: see Page 2B
Palestine Liberation Organization – Not Palestinian. Use PLO on second reference.
pardon – Forgives and releases a convicted person from prison. A pardon does not expunge a record, only a court has that authority. Governors and presidents can grant pardons.
parole – The early release of a prisoner. Do not confuse with probation.
Parent-Teacher Association – Use PTA on all references.
Parkinson’s disease – Note the capitalization. Named for Dr. James Parkinson.
party affiliation – Use the following models:
- Republican Sen. John Smith of California…
- Sen. Sally Smith, D-Ariz., addressed the conference.
- “No comment,” said Rep. Jose Garcia, R-N.Y., following
the testimony.
patrolman / patrolwoman – Used by some jurisdictions instead of police officer or officer. Capitalize before a name.
Pentecostal churches – Conservative Christian congregations including the Assemblies of God, the Pentecostal
Holiness Church, the United Pentecostal Church Inc. and the International
Church of the Foursquare Gospel.
Pepsi Cola – Trademark.
percentages – Use numerals, limit to two decimal places.
Peter Principle – Capitalize. Theory of Laurence J. Peter that employees are promoted until they reach their “levels of incompetence.”
Ph.D. – Use doctorate.
pica – In printing, the U.S. pica is slightly less than one-sixth of an inch. There are 12 points per pica.
pico- – The prefix for one-trillionth.
Ping-Pong – Trademark for a brand of table tennis equipment.
pistol – A hand-held gun, either an automatic or a revolver.
Pittsburg / Pittsburgh – Without the “h” the city is in California, Illinois, Kansas, or several other states. With an “h” the city is the well-known one in Pennsylvania.
plead, pleaded, pleading – Do not use pled for past tense.
Plexiglas – Trademark for “plastic glass.” Note the single “s” at the end.
p.m. / a.m. – AP style, but Chicago style is 10:00PM. If possible, we always like neat typography.
pocket veto – This can get confusing, but… a bill passed by the U.S. Congress but remaining unsigned by the president for 10 days meets one of two fates: if Congress is in session it becomes law, while if Congress is in recess the bill fails to become law — that is a pocket veto.
Polaroid – Trademark for the instant film and the camera.
Police Department – Capitalize when part of the formal name for a law enforcement agency. Some publications allow acronyms on second reference. Examples: NYPD, LAPD
Politburo – Use for Political Bureau
of the Communist Party.
political districts – Capitalize and use numerals. Examples: the 4th District, the 10th Ward, the 3rd Precinct
political parties – Capitalize according to the custom of the party. Political philosophies are lowercase unless they are based on a proper noun.
Popsicle – Trademark.
port – “Left” in nautical terms, the side that was often aligned to a port or dock. See starboard.
Portuguese names – The format is sometimes given
paternal maternal, with the paternal name used on second reference. In Portugal and Brazil, the maternal name is used on second reference, unless the person prefers otherwise.
post office – Lowercase.
poverty – Never assume to know what is poor or how the classes are defined. The U.S. Department of Labor (http://www.bls.gov/) maintains the U.S. statistics, as does the Census Bureau (http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income.html).
premier / prime minister – The “first minister” is the prime minister throughout the Commonwealth. In the U.K., Prime Minister is generally capitalized. In France and former French colonies, use premier for the first minister of parliament. The French, as with many nations, also has a president with limited powers. The first minister of the German and Austrian parliaments is the chancellor.
Presbyterian churches – Organized in four levels: the local congregation, the presbyteries, synods, and a general assembly. The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) represents 3 million members. Clergy are ministers, with pastors leading congregations. Use the
Rev. before a minister’s name on first reference.
President – Capitalize the title before a name, lowercase at other times. The current U.S. president’s first name is not used by some publications. Example: President Bush met with business leaders.
Presidents Day – No apostrophe.
press conference – News conference is preferred by some publications.
press secretary – Always lowercase, even before a name. The official title of the U.S. president’s press secretary is assistant to the president for press relations.
prime rate – The interest rate charged by commercial banks to their best customers, including smaller banks in some cases. Large banks are charged an overnight rate, which is less.
prison / jail – Prisons are used to house felons, while jails house those convicted of misdemeanors. Jails also house those awaiting trial and those held on civil charges. Federal
detention centers house those awaiting federal trials.
prisoner(s) of war – Use POWor POWs on second reference.
probation – The suspension of a sentence for a person convicted but not yet imprisoned. Judges can impose or revoke probation.
Professor – Never abbreviate when used as a title. Only use on first reference, but avoiding use as a title when possible.
profit-sharing – Hyphenate when used as a noun or adjective.
Prohibition – 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified Jan. 29, 1919, which took affect Jan. 16, 1920. Repealed with the 21st Amendment, Dec. 5, 1933.
Public Broadcasting System – Use PBS on second reference.
Pulitzer Prizes – Capitalize the word Prize. Endowed by the estate of Joseph Pulitzer, awarded by Columbia University since 1917.
pupil – Children through eighth grade are pupils. Use student for ninth grade and above.
Pyrex – Trademark for heat-tolerant glassware.
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– Q –
Q-Tip – Trademark.
Quaalude – Trademark. Not synonymous with illegal drugs containing methaqualone.
Quakers – Informal name for the Religious
Society of Friends. The basic organization unit is the weekly
meeting, not a church. There is no recognized ranking of clergy over lay people, but meeting officers are called elders or ministers. Members are called the Friends. Largest annual association of meetings is the Friends United Meeting.
quotations – Never alter a quote, even to correct grammatical errors or word usage. In the past, before 24-hour news networks and the Internet, most publications accepted minor corrections. Do compensate for regional differences in pronunciation. Avoid using brackets to clarify quotes, a trend we find annoying and insulting.
– R –
race – Avoid mentioning a person’s race unless essential to the content of a story.
racket – Not racquet in tennis or badminton.
radical – Avoid using as a political adjective.
RAM – random access memory, with no hyphen for random-access.
ranges of numbers – To avoid confusion, specify complete values. Example: There were 10 million to 15 million…
rayon – Generic.
Realtor – Trademark of the National
Association of Realtors and title granted to its members. Use real
estate agent unless the distinction is relevant and the person mentions is a Realtor.
Reconstruction – Capitalize the name of the period following the U.S. Civil War.
Red – Avoid the slang term for Communist unless part of an official name or period. Example: The Red Scares are part of U.S. history.
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints – Not part of the Mormon church. see Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Republican Party – Use the party or GOP on second reference. GOP may be used in headlines.
Republican National Committee – Use RNC on second reference.
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps – Use ROTC. When known, use Army ROTC, Navy ROTC, or Air Force ROTC on first reference.
Reuters – Use for the Reuters Ltd. news agency. Drop the “s” for a Reuter story and a Reuter
correspondent.
Rev. – Precede with the on first reference to some members of the clergy. Use only a last name on second reference. Not all Christian ministers are addressed as Reverend.
RICO – The U.S. Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations Act. Used to prosecute criminal organizations (or organizations behaving criminally).
right-wing – Avoid using as a political adjective. As with left-wing, lacks clarity.
Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus – Note the and and &.
robbery – Theft with the threat or use of force. See burglary for details.
rock ’n’ roll – While there is a style rule, does anyone use the term anymore? Use more specific terms, since “rock” comes in so many varieties.
Rolls-Royce – Trademark has a hyphen.
ROM – Read-only memory. Some publications use read only memory, without a hyphen, to match the common style for random access memory.
Roman Catholic Church – Capitalize the full name. Governed by the Curia, a papal cabinet. The College of Cardinals are the papal counselors. Titles are capitalized before names and include: Cardinal, Archbishop, Bishop, Monsignor, and Priest. Father is sometimes used by publications. For priests, the AP style calls for the Rev. before names. Sister and Mother are used for nuns.
Roman numerals – Add when a lower value follows a higher, subtract when the lower value appears before the higher. Some find it easiest to calculate right-to-left, subtracting as needed. Values are: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. Example: VI=6 (5+1), IV=4 (5-1)
Roquefort cheese – Capitalize.
rosary – Recited, not said.
Rosh Hashana – Jewish new year. Not Hashanah in AP.
R.S.V.P. – Respondez s’il vous plait, capitalized with periods.
Russian, slavic names – Use the English spelling that most closely approximates the phonetic equivalent. Russian names do not end in “off” except when mistransliterated. (Rachmaninoff is a common error, now standard.)
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– S –
saint – Use St. before proper nouns.
San‘a, Yemen – Not an apostrophe.
Satan – Capitalize the name, but lowercase devil and satanic.
Scotch tape – Trademark.
Scotch whisky – Specific regional whiskey, notice the spelling. (No jokes about drunken…)
scuba – Lowercase acronym for self-contained
underwater breathing apparatus.
Sears, Roebuck and Co. – Use Sears on second reference.
seasons of the year – Lowercase spring, summer, fall, and winter. Autumn is not used in AP style, but we think it works in some cases.
Secretary-General – Capitalized and hyphenated as a title.
Secret Service – Capitalized, as a specific U.S. government agency.
Securities and Exchange Commission – Use SEC on second reference.
Security Council – Capitalize. Also acceptable as U.N. Security Council. Avoid using the council when it might confuse readers.
Seeing Eye dog – Trademark, believe it or not, of Seeing Eye Inc.
Senate – Capitalize when referring to a specific legislative body.
Senator – Use Sen. before a name.
Seven Seas – Refers to the “known” seas before major European explorations. Arabian Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and South China Sea
Seven-Up / 7Up – Trademarks.
Seventh-day Adventist Church – Notice the capitalization. There are four levels of organization: local church, state conferences, union (regional) conferences, and the General Conference in Session. The General Conference meets every five years. The primary authority is the General Conference Executive Committee. Titles include: president, pastor, and elder. Do not use the Rev. before a name, as it is not acceptable within the church. There are 5.2 million members worldwide.
Shah – Capitalize before a name. Shah is a royal title, similar to king, used in Persian. Iran’s head of state was the Shah of Iran until the Islamic Revolution in 1980.
Shariah – Legal code of Islam, comparable to Talmudic tradition in Judaism.
Sheetrock – Trademark for a brand of gypsum wallboard.
(sic) – Avoid using (sic) except in quotations that might appear to be mistaken transcription.
Simoniz – Trademark for a car wax.
Sister / Mother – Capitalize before a nun’s name.
small-business – Hyphenate the compound adjective.
Smithsonian Institution – Not Institute. Use of the Smithsonian on second reference is acceptable.
Smokey Bear – Not Smokey the Bear.
Social Security – Capitalize the U.S. retirement and benefits system.
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals – Use SPCA on second reference.
SOS – No periods for the distress call.
S.O.S – Trademark for a line of household cleaning products. No trailing period.
South, the – Sixteen-state region defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.
Southeast Asia – The nations of the Indochinese Peninsula and nearby islands.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – Use SEATO on second reference.
Soviet Union – Replaced by the Commonwealth
of Independent States on Dec. 8, 1991, consisting of 11 former Soviet republics.
Space Age – Began with Sputnik I, launched Oct. 4, 1957.
Spanish names – Customs vary, but generally given
paternal maternal is common. On second reference, the paternal name is used.
sports leagues and organizations – Use of common acronyms is acceptable on all references within sports stories. Examples: CART, NBA, NCAA, NFL
Stalin, Josef – Not Joseph.
Standard & Poor’s Corp. of New York – Use of Standard &
Poor’s is acceptable in many publications.
starboard / port – “Right” and “left” in nautical terms.
Star-Spangled Banner, The – Capitalize The.
states in the U.S. – Spell out state names unless they follow a city name or political affiliation. As a trivia point, there are four commonwealths: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. There are no “rules” for the AP abbreviations; they are based on common usage.
State | AP | Postal | State | AP | Postal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | Ala. | AL | Montana | Mont. | MT |
Alaska | Alaska | AK | Nebraska | Neb. | NE |
Arizona | Ariz. | AZ | Nevada | Nev. | NV |
Arkansas | Ark. | AR | New Hampshire | N.H. | NH |
California | Calif. | CA | New Jersey | N.J. | NJ |
Colorado | Colo. | CO | New Mexico | N.M. | NM |
Connecticut | Conn. | CT | New York | N.Y. | NY |
Delaware | Del. | DE | North Carolina | N.C. | NC |
Florida | Fla. | FL | North Dakota | N.D. | ND |
Georgia | Ga. | GA | Ohio | Ohio | OH |
Hawaii | Hawaii | HI | Oklahoma | Okla. | OK |
Idaho | Idaho | ID | Oregon | Ore. | OR |
Illinois | Ill. | IL | Pennsylvania | Pa. | PA |
Indiana | Ind. | IN | Rhode Island | R.I. | RI |
Iowa | Iowa | IA | South Carolina | S.C. | SC |
Kansas | Kan. | KS | South Dakota | S.D. | SD |
Kentucky | Ky. | KY | Tennessee | Tenn. | TN |
Louisiana | La. | LA | Texas | Texas | TX |
Maine | Maine | ME | Utah | Utah | UT |
Maryland | Md. | MD | Vermont | Vt. | VT |
Massachusetts | Mass. | MA | Virginia | Va. | VA |
Michigan | Mich. | MI | Washington | Wash. | WA |
Minnesota | Minn. | MN | West Virginia | W.Va. | WV |
Mississippi | Miss. | MS | Wisconsin | Wis. | WI |
Missouri | Mo. | MO | Wyoming | Wyo. | WY |
Strategic Defense Initiative – Use SDI on second reference. Do not use “Star Wars” within articles.
Styrofoam – Trademark.
Supreme Court of the United States – Also U.S. Supreme Court. On second reference, the Supreme
Court is acceptable, as is the Court at some publications. The chief justice of the United States heads the Supreme Court.
synod – A council of churches.
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– T –
Tabasco – Trademark for a pepper and vinegar sauce.
Talmud – The collection of writings that constitute Jewish religious law.
Tass – Russian news agency.
Teamsters union – Acceptable for International
Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America. Some publications use the Teamsters without “union” on second reference.
Technicolor – Trademark.
Teflon – Trademark.
TelePrompTer – Trademark for a video-based prompting system used by public speakers and television personalities.
television programs – Use quotation marks around program names and episode titles.
Ten Commandments – Capitalize.
theater – U.S. spelling unless theatre is part of the official name of a place. Theatre normally refers to an ensemble of actors, specializing in the production of classic works.
theft – larceny without a threat or a deceit, yet not a burglary. see burglary for details
thermos / Thermos – The generic is accepted, but Thermos is also a trademark.
times of day – Use numerals except for noon and midnight. see a.m. / p.m.
times – Use HH:MM:SS.hh format, hours:minutes:seconds.hundredths, for elapsed times.
time zones – Acronyms are acceptable for common time zones within the continental United States. Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time zones may be referred to by acronyms. Also, GMT is acceptable for Greenwich Mean Time in most publications.
TNT – Acceptable for references to trinitrotoluene.
tollhouse cookies – Generic term.
Tommy gun – Trademark for the Thompson submachine gun.
ton – Three types of “ton” exist: short, long (British), and metric. see measurements
Tory / Tories – Acceptable for second reference to the Conservative Party in Britain.
Touch-Tone – Trademark, believe it or not.
trampoline – Generic, but formerly a trademark.
travelogue – Not travelog.
troupe – An ensemble of actors who work together on various productions.
Harry S. Truman – In many publications, and AP style, the form S. is used, despite the initial standing for no name.
tsar – Use czar.
T-shirt – Capitalize the T.
tuberculosis – Use of TB on second reference is acceptable.
TV – Capitalize, without periods, in AP style. Use television unless quoting or if TV is followed by a noun. Examples: cable TV, satellite TV
Twelve Apostles – Capitalize and spell out.
20th Century Fox – Use numerals within the name, as the corporation does.
– U –
U-boat – Capitalize the U. Some history texts now use submarine for the German U-boats, apparently to be politically sensitive, but we prefer the traditional name.
UFO – Capitalized, without periods. Use for all references to unidentified flying object.
UHF – Use for all references to ultrahigh
frequency.
U.N. – Use as an adjective before other nouns. use United Nations when the organization stands alone. Example: U.N. General Assembly, U.N. Security Council
unemployment rate – Reported monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, within the U.S. Department of Labor.
UNESCO – Use for all references to the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Define once within the text of an article.
UNICEF – Use for all references to the United
Nations Children’s Fund. Originally, the organization was the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.
Unicode – Trademark of the Unicode Consortium. Unicode is a system for defining all known written languages in bytes. ASCII is a subset of Unicode.
Union – Capitalize when referring to the North in the U.S. Civil War.
unions – Most publications shorten union names to common forms. Avoid acronyms for most unions.
United States – Spell out when United States stands alone as a proper noun. Use U.S. as an adjective before nouns.
United Service Organizations – Use USO on second reference.
United Synagogue of America – Not synagogues.
URL – Uniform Resource Locator is not required, use URL on all references.
U.S. Court of Appeals – There is one Court of Appeals, in 13 Circuits.
user friendly – No hyphen. Avoid, since most things claiming to be “user friendly” are not.
U.S. Postal Service – Use Postal Service on second reference.
USS – United States Ship, if anyone is curious.
U.S. Supreme Court – See Supreme
Court of the United States
utilize – To consume to complete a task; to use a less-than-ideal tool; to make practical and effective use of a tool in a specific situation. Editors suggest use in most cases.
U-turn – Capitalize U.
– V –
Valium – Trademark for diazepam.
Vaseline – Trademark.
VCR – Most publications use for videocassette
recorder, while others use on second reference.
V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day, hyphenated, marking May 8, 1945.
V-8 – Hyphenate engine types.
Velcro – Trademark.
Veterans Day – No apostrophe.
Veterans of Foreign Wars – Use VFW on second reference.
VHF – Use for very high frequency.
Vietnam War – Always use Vietnam War, not Vietnam alone.
VIP – Capitalize, without periods.
V-J Day – Victory
in Japan Day, hyphenated, marking either Aug. 15, 1945, or Sept. 2, 1945. Fighting ended in August, while formal surrender was two weeks later.
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– W –
Wall Street – Refers to all financial institutions, and those located near Wall St., in New York City.
weapons – Be sure to verify weapon names and types. This list is minimal.
anti-aircraft – Hyphenated.
artillery – Carriage-mounted cannon.
automatic – A firearm with an autoloading action. Use the form: 9 mm automatic
bullet – The projectile housed in a cartridge.
caliber – The diameter of a gun barrel.
cannon – Technically, a large gun, with projectiles loaded separately from propellant.
carbine – Short, lightweight rifle.
cartridge – A metal casing, primer, propellant, and bullet. Casings tend to drop where the weapon is fired.
gauge – Size of a shotgun barrel, expressed in terms of the number per pound of lead shot with a diameter equal to that of the barrel.
gun – Any small firearm.
machine gun – Fully-automatic gun that fires as long as the trigger is depressed.
Magnum – Trademark for a high-powered cartridge. Usually fired from a heavier handgun.
pistol – Any handgun.
revolver – Handgun with cartridges stored in rotating chambers.
rifle – A gun designed with a long barrel having a rifled bore. Rifles are fired from a stationary position.
Saturday night special – No hyphens. Slang for a cheap pistol.
shotgun – Long barrel gun with a smooth bore. Sometimes with dual barrels.
submachine gun – A lightweight automatic gun using standard handgun ammunition.
weather terms – Use National Weather Service terminology.
blizzard – Winds of 35 mph or more, falling snow, and visibility near zero.
cyclone – A storm with strong winds rotating around a center of low pressure. Cyclone is also used to mean tornado in parts of the U.S. and hurricane in the Indian Ocean.
gale – Winds from 39 to 54 mph.
high wind – Winds of 39 mph or more, sustained for at least an hour.
hurricanes – A warm-core storm originating east of the international date line. West of the date line, the storms are called typhoons. The Saffir-Simpson scale:
- Category 1: 74 to 95 mph winds
- Category 2: 96 to 110 mph winds
- Category 3: 111 to 130 mph winds
- Category 4: 131 to 155 mph winds
- Category 5: winds exceeding 155 mph
hurricane season – June through November.
National Hurricane Center – Located in Coral Gables, Fla., and responsible for tracking Atlantic hurricanes.
tornado – Most destructive localized atmospheric condition known. The United States has more tornados than any other nation. The Fujita scale:
- F0: 40 to 72 mph winds
- F1: 73 to 112 mph winds
- F2: 113 to 157 mph winds
- F3: 158 to 206 mph winds
- F4: 207 to 260 mph winds
- F5: winds exceeding 260 mph
Web – Capitalize when discussing the Internet. See World Wide Web.
webcast – Broadcast of audio or video via the Internet.
website – The AP Stylebook changed the preferred form from Web site in 2010.
West, the – U.S. region of 13 states, known as the Mountain and Pacific states.
Mountain West: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico,
Utah, and Wyoming
Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington
White House – Capitalize the U.S. president’s official residence.
Windbreaker – Trademark for a brand of lightweight jacket.
World Bank – Use for International Bank
for Reconstruction and Development.
World Court – See International Court
of Justice.
World Series – For baseball, the Series is acceptable on second reference.
World Wide Web – Capitalize. AP style also capitalizes website and Web page.
– X –
Xerox – Trademark.
X-ray – Capitalize the X.
– Y –
Yom Kippur – Jewish Day of Atonement.
YMCA – Use for Young Men’s Christian
Association.
YWCA – Use for Young Women’s Christian
Association.
yo-yo – Generic, though formerly a trademark.
– Z –
Zionism / Zionist – Avoid as inflammatory reference to Jewish individuals supporting the settlement of Israel or anyone supporting Israel.